HTML is the language that web pages are written in , HTML stands for hypertext mark-up language. But what does that mean?
• Hyper is the opposite of linear. Old-fashioned computer programs were necessarily linear - that is, they had a specific order. But with a "hyper" language such as HTML, the user can go anywhere on the web page at any time.
• Text is just what you're looking at now - English characters used to make up ordinary words.
• Mark-up is what is done to the text to change its appearance. For instance, "marking up" your text with <b>before it and </b> after it will put that text in bold.
• Language is just that. HTML is the language that computers read in order to understand web pages.
What Do We Need to Write HTML?
A computer, an Internet browser (if you're reading this web page now, you've obviously got both), and a word-processing program such as Microsoft's Notepad or WordPad, or Mac's Simple Text. Technically speaking, that's all you need.
What Can We Do with HTML?
HTML is what makes your website look like a website, rather than just plain text. With HTML, you can:
• Create titles, headings and subheadings.
• Make a bulleted or numbered list.
• Delineate paragraphs.
• Put text in bold or italics.
• Add pictures and links to your site.
• And much more.
HTML Examples
HTML is made up of elements with attributes, some of the most common ones you would see include:
•<p>for paragraphs
•<a> for links
•<div>for dividing up sections of a page
HTML Versions
There are some versions of HTML that have been supported by web browsers:
• HTML 2.0
This was published as an IETF RFC in 1995. It was supported by some browsers like Mosaic.
• HTML 3.2
This version was the first W3C recommendation. It had wider browser support (partially because there were a lot more browsers). It became a recommendation in January 1997.
• HTML 4.0 and HTML 4.01
In December 1997, the W3C released this upgrade to HTML 3.2 as a recommendation. It added more features and tags and provided three versions: transitional, strict, and frameset. This was updated to 4.01 in December 1999 with a few changes to the specification.
• XHTML 1.0
XHTML 1.0 is a reformulation of HTML 4.01 under XML rules, and it was published as a recommendation by the W3C in January 2000. It has much stricter syntax and requires that any XHTML be valid and well-formed in order to display correctly. Most web browsers render XHTML 1.0 documents the same as they render HTML 4.01 documents.
• HTML5
HTML5 began being developed in 2004, when the W3C HTML working group decided to merge the HTML and XHTML tree to make HTML a purely XML-based language. This left designers and browser manufacturers who wanted a more flexible solution with the choice to give up or create their own new specification. They created a new group called the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group or WHATWG. HTML5 became a W3C working draft in 2008.
When choosing what version of HTML you should write, most designers base their decision on web browser support. The most common version of HTML is HTML 4.01 Transitional. It is supported in all modern browsers and provides most of the tags and features designers expect HTML to provide.
How to Define the HTML Version for Your Web Pages
With the exception of XHTML (which uses the XML namespace application/xml+xhtml to define the version for browsers), you should use the DOCTYPE tag. Such as:
HTML 4.01: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
HTML5: <!doctype html>
Learning html:
Lesson 1:
• The DOCTYPE declaration defines the document type
• The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page
• The text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content
• The text between<h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading
• The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph
The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration is the syntax for the latest generation HTML - HTML5.
HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags
• HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets like
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
• The end tag is written like the start tag, with a forward slash before the tag name
• Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags
<tagname>content</tagname>
HTML Elements
"HTML tags" and "HTML elements" are often used to describe the same thing.
But strictly speaking, an HTML element is everything between the start tag and the end tag, including the tags:
HTML Element:
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
Web Browsers
The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox) is to read HTML documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page:
HTML Page Structure
Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:
<html>
<body>
<h1>This a Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The result:
This a Heading
This is a paragraph.
This is another paragraph.
HTML Versions
Since the early days of the web, there have been many versions of HTML:
Version Year
HTML 1991
HTML+ 1993
HTML 2.0 1995
HTML 3.2 1997
HTML 4.01 1999
XHTML 1.0 2000
HTML5 2012
XHTML5 2013
The Declaration
There are many different documents on the web, and a browser can only display an HTML page 100% correctly if it knows the HTML type and version used.
The declaration helps the browser to display a web page correctly.
Common Declarations
HTML5
<!DOCTYPE html>
HTML 4.01
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
XHTML 1.0
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
HTML Editors
Writing HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit
HTML can be edited by using a professional HTML editor like:
• Adobe Dreamweaver
• Microsoft Expression Web
• CoffeeCup HTML Editor
However, for learning HTML we recommend a text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac). We believe using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.
Follow the 4 steps below to create your first web page with Notepad.
Step 1: Start Notepad
Step 2: Edit Your HTML with Notepad
Type your HTML code into your Notepad:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first heading</h1>
<p> My first paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
Step 3: Save Your HTML
Select Save as.. in Notepad's file menu.
When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html file extension. There is no difference, it is entirely up to you.
Save the file in a folder that is easy to remember, like samagraph.
Step 4: Run the HTML in Your Browser
Start your web browser and open your html file from the File, Open menu, or just browse the folder and double-click your HTML file.
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the<h1> to <h6>tags.
Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
The result:
This is a heading
This is a heading
This is a heading
HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the<p> tag.
Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.
Example
<a href="http://www.samagraph.com">This is a link</a>
This is a link
Note: The link address is specified in the href attribute.
(You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of this tutorial).
HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the ![]()
tag.
Example
HTML documents are defined by HTML elements.
HTML Elements
An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
Start tag * Element content End tag *
<p> This is a paragraph </p>
<a href="default.htm"> This is a link </a>
<br>
This is a link * The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.
HTML Element Syntax
• An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag
• An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag
• The element content is everything between the start and the end tag
• Some HTML elements have empty content
• Empty elements are closed in the start tag
• Most HTML elements can have attributes
Tip: You will learn about attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.
Nested HTML Elements
Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements).
HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
HTML Document Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The result:
This is my first paragraph.
The example above contains 3 HTML elements.
HTML Example Explained
The<p>element:
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
The<p>element defines a paragraph in the HTML document.
The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag</p>.
The element content is: This is my first paragraph.
The <body> element:
<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>
The element defines the body of the HTML document.
The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is another HTML element (a <p> element).
The <html> element:
<html>
<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The <html> element defines the whole HTML document.
The element has a start tag <html>and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the body element).
Don't Forget the End Tag
Some HTML elements might display correctly even if you forget the end tag:
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph
The example above works in most browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional.
Never rely on this. Many HTML elements will produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget the end tag .
Empty HTML Elements
HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
<br>is an empty element without a closing tag (the
tag defines a line break).
Tip: In XHTML, all elements must be closed. Adding a slash inside the start tag, like
, is the proper way of closing empty elements in XHTML (and XML).
HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags
HTML tags are not case sensitive:<P>means the same as<p>. Many web sites use uppercase HTML tags.
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